‘The right to choose how we dress:’ American Muslim women speak out on French burqa ban

Photo by Siobhán Silke/Flickr (Creative Commons)

Kenza Drider, one of the most vocal opponents of France's burqa ban, April 2011

On Monday, France implemented a controversial ban on the face-covering veils worn by some Muslim women, which are referred to there as burqa or niqab. Women who continue to wear the veils are subject to steep fines if cited. The French government defends the ban as promoting sexual equality, while critics have called it a blatant appeal to anti-Muslim voters. Meanwhile, there has been mixed reaction from Muslim women as the ban is debated around the world.

KPCC intern Yasmin Nouh, a recent graduate of UC Irvine who herself is Muslim and wears hijab, the traditional head scarf, interviewed three prominent Muslim women in California on reaction to the ban. She spoke with Hadeer Soliman, vice president of the Muslim Student Union at UC Irvine; Edina Lekovic, director of policy and programming for the Muslim Public Affairs Council in Los Angeles; and Zahra Billoo, executive director of the San Francisco Bay Area chapter of the Council on American-Islamic Relations. Here’s what they had to say about the burqa ban, how it affects Muslim women here, and broader concerns they see surrounding it.

Q: What has the reaction been amongst Muslim women that you interact with regarding the new law?

Hadeer: The reaction amongst Muslim women varies, but I think a common sentiment is that this law denies women in France the right to choose what to wear. The new law will not create a “moderate” Islam, as some French officials claim it will; rather, it alienates and and infringes on the rights of a significant portion of the French population.

Edina: The vast majority of Muslim women I know are wholly against burqas or niqabs because they have no religious foundation in the Quran. They’re based on a hyper-strict interpretation of the Quran, not on what it says in the text at all. That said, they uniformly oppose the French government’s decision to ban them because it sends a completely counterproductive message to French Muslims and French society.

Banning burqas – just like banning books – will only make them more popular as a symbol of resistance. If the goal is to encourage integration of Muslim immigrants into French society, creating opportunities for participation and empowerment is the answer, not excluding and fining people based on how they dress.

Zahra: Many of the Muslim women I have spoken to about the new law are concerned. The general sentiment is that women should have the right to choose what to wear, be it as little or as much as they please. This law, under the guise of protecting and liberating them, actually harms women.

Q. Do Muslim women in the U.S. feel affected by this law? In what way? If so, how has that manifested?

Hadeer: Although the law does not directly affect Muslim women in the U.S., the sentiment it creates certainly does. There’s currently a rise in Islamophobia in the U.S., and news of this recent ban of the face covering in Europe is a testament to a similar Islamophobia in Europe. While I personally don’t choose to cover my face, the chilling effect of dictating how individuals dress does make me (and others, Muslims and non-Muslims) question the motives for such a destructive law and wonder what the next step is in the government telling its citizens what to wear.

Edina: It’s difficult to watch this kind of insult and marginalization of any minority population based on their religious practice. When I talk to other Muslim women, what I hear over and over again is that we have to continue going out there and speaking for ourselves and for the rights of all people to choose and practice their own faith and expressions of their faith. For Muslim American women we have to speak for ourselves and represent what Muslim women are really like and how we’re contributing to our communities and our country.

Zahra: Less with this law specifically, and more so with the general rise in anti-Muslim sentiment and legislation coming out of Europe, there is a concern that the trend will spread.

Q. What kinds of action, if any, are Muslim women, or the Muslim community in general, taking regarding the new law?

Hadeer: Firstly, many women are raising awareness about the new law through social networking websites like Facebook. By posting articles and sharing their opinions, they hope to inform others on why such a law has negative consequences. There have been demonstrations in the past against the proposal of the Niqab/Burqa ban, but I don’t know of any upcoming demonstrations. Generally, the idea would be to raise awareness about the destructive nature of denying a woman the right to decide for herself how she dresses and to both demand an end to this law and ensure that no similar laws are passed elsewhere.

Edina: I’m not aware of any actions that are taking place.

Zahra: In the past, and more specifically with laws limiting the head veil, American Muslim women worked to organize protests and raise international human rights concerns. I have not seen any such organizing on this issue. It may be because a) the face veil ban impacts fewer women and/or b) people are in crisis fatigue.

Q: The law in France is not the first of its kind. A ban against hijab (not even niqab) has taken place across various parts of Europe and even in Turkey. Given the rise of Islamophobia in the United States, specifically in the political arena, are Muslim women concerned with such a law being implemented, let alone considered, in the U.S.?

Hadeer: Hijab bans across Europe and in Turkey are certainly concerning because they are a testament to the rise of Islamophobia. In the U.S., where elected officials can make racist comments against Muslims and not receive any political or social backlash, Islamophobia and its dangerous consequences are concerning. Recently in Yorba Linda, Councilwoman Deborah Pauly called for the killing of Muslims with no apology. American Muslims have called for her to step down because of her comments. (Rep.) Peter King’s Homeland Security hearings also drew Americans’ attention to the hatred and bigotry that exists in America.

As an American Muslim, I’m worried to see us move in the direction of targeting people because of their religious beliefs. Hate is a threat to democracy, and it’s important for us to stand up against that.

Edina: Luckily, this kind of law is very unlikely in the U.S. because of our core values and right of religious freedom guaranteed by the Constitution. The law does send a chilling message from a Western country in its treatment of its Muslim population.

The burqa ban will likely be understood by Muslims as an outright rejection of their faith and their status as French citizens. I’m just glad that we know better here in the U.S. — our democratic values guarantee freedom of religious practice, including the right to choose how we dress.

Zahra: I believe the concern we see in American Muslim women goes specifically to the hate and general rhetoric that comes with anti-hijab and anti-niqab efforts in Europe, which is similar to anti-mosque activities in the U.S. I don’t know that there is an actual concern about hijab and niqab bans here, but rather a fear of the sentiment or rhetoric which accompanies those movements manifesting in different ways here.

  • Alimannan

    Regulating freedom of choice is not the way forward. The French need to “integrate” Muslim women into their society through alternative measures that are based on the concept of equality…
    And no, the Veil is not a symbol of oppression unless someone can show me empirical data arguing such a point.
    http://concerningmuslims.blogspot.com/2011/04/veiled-politics.html

  • Redhogg

    For anyone to claim the vail (which is restricted to women only, and inforced by men) as not a form of opression is fooling no one.

    The reasons muslims provide as why the vail is required only further the impression of opression.

    The vail is a disgrace to women who god created naked in the garden where but by sin was she then covered. God has no such requirement as imposed by the muslims on women

  • Kbhome

    Burkas. The west believes that these items of clothing are not just a symbol, but a vehicle of systematic and relentless oppression of women. Like making people of color sit in the back of the bus, is not “equal but separate” and not just a symbol, but an act, in itself, of oppression.

    Should women have the right to chose to particate in the perpetuation of gender oppression? The question of freedom of choice depends on whether the person who is doing the chosing is mentally competent to exercise that freedom. It is like asking whether a woman who is beaten and abused as a child, and then marries an abusive and violent man should have the choice over whether that man should be prosecuted for beating her up. In most cases she will say no, because she has been systematically trained to view hereself as bad, worthless and deserving of the beating . Is she, the victim of abuse, mentally competent to make the choice over whether her abuser should be prosecuted? Should we respect her choice and let her continue to be a victim, and bring more children into the world and aid and abet her children becoming victims? Does society have a stake in her decision that outweighs her freedom to choose? Is she actually free to choose?

    Burka loving women may argue that the west is wrong in seeing the veil as a vehicle of oppression. But, of course, which culture has the right to decide and act on their decision? The culture she is living in has the opinion that the veil is a violation of human rights, that culture must attempt to stop that conduct within its own borders. It has not only the right, but the duty, to forbid that which it perceives as a great harm to its citizens.

  • Desdes

    Hijab and niqab (Please at least get the terms right) is not about oppression. It is not forced by men. Funny that people who are not part of the religion or culture think they know better than the people that live their lives as Muslims. Dressing modestly is not only for women, men must do it too. Hijab is used because women have long hair this is not some unequal situation just a fact of life. If you look around at actual Muslims you will see men covering their heads as well. They wear hats, caps, and in some cases scarves!!

    And in other religions like Judaism they have the same coverings! Men must wear kippa, unmarried women cover their heads and wear long sleeves, married women cut off their own hair and wear wigs!!

  • Anonymous

    You clearly know nothing of the reasons for the ISLAMIC veil or the fact that men are also required to cover themselves. Before you speak on a subject you know nothing about, get facts to back up your statements or you should state that it is in YOUR opinion because that’s the only thing you have stated.

    There is just as good a reason for the Muslim hijab as there is for a nun’s habit but I don’t see any bans on nun’s covering their hair or wearing long, loose flowing clothing. They are equally done for the sake of modesty. There are no rules for priests’ dress so does that mean the nuns are oppressed? Think broader and talk to the people you have opinions about to get the facts FIRST. I’ve visited churches and talked to nuns, have you talked to Muslims? Have you visited a local mosque? They all have tours and people who are more than willing to answer your questions. Before you call anything a disgrace, realize that Muslims are not the only ones who cover and that Christian women to this day cover in church and out. Don’t believe it? Try going to church in a tank top and mini skirt and see the response.

    Just because modesty is lacking in our country doesn’t mean it isn’t commanded in the major religions. Muslims are modest all the time to protect the chastity of all members all the time, just because you don’t understand or know the reasons does not mean they don’t exist or that they are not made by God. The God of the Torah and Bible is the same on as for the Qur’an and all those books commanded people to guard their chastity through modesty, it’s only Muslims who (largely) still do it outwardly.

    Oh, and please don’t go to honor killings, genital mutilation, etc that is perpetuated as being Islamic, they’re not. Those are cultural (think the India and Middle East cultures) things that happen in all religious groups in the area and Islam is a religion, one of many in those areas. While the two mix, religion is exclusive of culture so those things are not permissible in Islam even if they are practiced in culture. There is a clear distinction and if you think for a second they are one in the same, you are deluded. It would have to be universally written in all religions for that to be true. When it’s true across a culture, religion doesn’t matter so don’t link those things with one religious groups when they belong to a larger cultural group.

  • Raid4mohammad

    “Meanwhile, there has been mixed reaction from Muslim women as the ban is debated around the world.” This sentence mislead me into believing that the interviewees will represent a diverse group of Muslim women. It turned out to be a group of like-minded women with strong ties to special interest groups. These special interest groups have self serving motives to convince Muslim-American women that the Hijab is an religious obligation. As long as these special interest groups thrive on controversies, exploiting women to create controversies will continue to be their modus operandi. There is not a single proof from the Quran that the Hijab, let alone the Niqab, is obligatory on women. Islam mandates modesty but modesty is relative to the when and where, time and place. I challenge these women to come up with just one solid proof to support their claim that draping the Hijab is part of the dress code in Islam.

  • John B

    Umm.It seems some people’s reasoning faculty is so deficient that they couldn’t figure out why a women should cover their nudity.It is a great fact that women’s dignity is truly in their nudity and any woman who has failed to preserve her nudity would surely loose her dignity.Many stories are their to establish this fact.It is rather unfortunate that most of the people that enacted this law are violators of women’s right.They pretend to be tourch bearers of women’s rights but in actually fact, they are violators of women’s rights.Zarkosy’s lifestyles attest to this. Clinton and Monica saga attested to this.We have been celebrating immorality and debase morality owing to our denialism.

  • Waajihatulislaamiyyah

    When Romans invaded Malatya, lots of citizens were killed, and there was a woman who had been captured by the Romans, she screamed “Wa Mo’atasimah” which translates to “O Mu’tasim”, she was asking for help. When the Caliph al-Mu’tasim was told of what was said by the woman, it is said that he had a cup of water and he left the cup immediately and commanded to deploy a massive army to retaliate against the Romans… Where are the Mu’tasim of our time? Where are the Muslim men? You so called ‘Muslim Countries’! your weapons are rusting on the shelves… Make Use of it!…

  • Waajihatulislaamiyyah

    Media Release:
    French Face Veil Ban

    In light of the recent developments in France, Waajihatul Islaamiyyah (The Islamic Front) vows to take every possible and necessary action in response to the banning of the Burqa.

    The Prophet (pbuh) of Islam said:

    “The similarity of the believers in their mutual love and brotherhood is similarity of the single organism. When one part hurts, the whole body hurts”.

    When this occurs we must be able administer a cure that would kill the bacteria and destroy the parasite…

    For Immediate Release: April 11, 2011
    Umar Abdullah
    Head of: Waajihatul Islaamiyyah (The Islamic Front)
    Tel: 1 (868) 365-6253
    Fax: 1 (868) 631-8597
    Email: waajihatulislaamiyyah@gmail.com

    Follow the link: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LbHFXSVu7iUVUierYgo55upPpHvYb9uBsOCD0WcGqeQ/edit?hl=en&pli=1#

  • Waajihatulislaamiyyah

    Media Release: French Face Veil Ban
    In light of the recent developments in France, Waajihatul Islaamiyyah (The Islamic Front) vows to take every possible and necessary action in response to the banning of the Burqa.
    The Prophet (pbuh) of Islam said:
    “The similarity of the believers in their mutual love and brotherhood is similarity of the single organism. When one part hurts, the whole body hurts”.
    When this occurs we must be able administer a cure that would kill the bacteria and destroy the parasite…
    For Immediate Release: April 11, 2011
    Umar Abdullah
    Head of: Waajihatul Islaamiyyah (The Islamic Front)
    Tel: 1 (868) 365-6253
    Fax: 1 (868) 631-8597
    Email: waajihatulislaamiyyah@gmail.com
    Follow the link: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LbHFXSVu7iUVUierYgo55upPpHvYb9uBsOCD0WcGqeQ/edit?hl=en&pli=1#

  • Jg888999

    I was in a grocery store, waiting at the check out, when a Muslim woman in front of me turned and looked me up and down. Contempt and scorn was all over her face. I am a black woman, it was summer and I was wearing a summer dress on a hot day. The dress came to my knee. I was about to smile and say hello when she let me know her state of mind. This woman looked as if she were in her thirties. That moment changed quite a bit of thinking for me. I do not like being held in condescension. I have two friends who are Muslim: one is accepting of difference and the other is narrow minded and has moved to Kuwait. I hear a lot about modesty here but I don’t think what you wear necessarily denotes modesty. Do you respect and love God’s creation known as your own human body and the bodies/lives of others. No amount of clothes will make you respectful or modest. It is what’s in your heart.
    Anyway that moment gave me insight into the thinking of some American Muslims. I see you at the grocery and I get out of the way. You do not come across as friendly. And I don’t want to be a target of any aspersions.

  • Guest

    As a Muslim woman who wears the hijab, I am very sorry for your negative experience, but I do know what you mean. I, too, will avoid certain people or situations in public places to also avoid any aspersions. It’s very sad, but a real fact of life.

    As I, myself, try to deal with my own experiences in the public sphere, I would make a friendly suggestion that you, too, also make an effort to not be prejudiced against Muslim women (by the way, unfortunately, Muslims can be pretty judgemental with other Muslims, so, it’s not just with non-Muslims, but I’m sure this type of behavior exists in all communities). I would like to ask that you please not hold Muslims to a higher standard than you would hold others to. As a black woman, I’m going to guess that you’ve had negative experiences with non-Muslims and with other people who are not black, but do you avoid them as well?

  • Guest

    The very specific modest dress code for both men and women comes from Prophet Muhammed (peace be upon him). The niqab is not mentioned at all anywhere in the Qur’an, therefore the face veil is NOT a religious obligation; but the head shawl, or head covering (ie, the khimar), is indeed mentioned in the Qur’an when God is quoted as saying:

    “Tell believers to avert their glances and to guard their private parts; that is chaster for them. God is Informed about anything they may produce. Tell believing women to avert their glances and guard their private parts, and not to display their charms except what [normally] appears of them. They should fold their khimar [head covering] over their bosoms and show their charms only to their husbands, or their fathers or their fathers-in-law, or their sons or stepsons, or their own brothers or nephews on either their brothers’ or their sisters’ side; or their own womenfolk, or anyone their right hands control, or male attendants who have no sexual desire, or children who have not yet shown any interest in women’s nakedness. Let them not stomp their feet in order to let any ornaments they may have hidden be noticed. Turn to God, all you believers, so that you may prosper!” Surah 24 Verse 30.

    Based on the consensus interpretation of this verse, a woman should cover her entire body except for her face, hands, and feet in the company of men who are not listed as exemptions.

  • Guest

    You come across as a fascist.

  • killtacular

    If you wish to perpetuate the idea that your body has to be hidden because a MAN decided he was incapable of controlling himself when he sees you, that’s your perogative.

    Muslim women in Arab Countries are ~FORCED~ to wear this insulting garb. The men of Islam are so INCAPABLE of self control that they force women to wear this, and then have the nerve to blame a woman when they rape her. “It’s your fault I raped you.”

    If that happened in America, there’d be one more stupid man in prison for rape.

    Islam seems, to me, to be all about belittling and enslaving women. Women, under Sharia Law, are worth HALF what a man is worth, they cannot vote, the dowry is given in exchange for a woman’s sex organs (Read: removal of the clitoris), and some women are even forced to undergo a cruel act of manly jealousy. A man will literally cut off a woman’s nose to spite her face in Islamic nations. How the hell can any self-respect muslim dare even ~think~ of trying to get laws like that passed in America?

  • killtacular

     Oh, YOu mean the pig-sucker of a man whom wrote that women are worth half what a man is worth? The same bacon-eating pedophile that raped a 9-year-old girl because he “loved her so much”? The same Spineless piece of crap that decided that the very thing he was born of was not equal to a man?  The same man who says it’s okay for Islamists to LIE to non-muslim’s and non-believers?

    I can see Islam getting about as far in America as Jack Kevorkian’s assisted suicide machines did – Which is ~Not~ very far at all.

  • killtacular

     Yeah, well, in a cultural Melting Pot like America, Muslim’s have no place looking down on anyone whom doesn’t follow their belief system, just as nobody of any ~other~ faith has any right to look down on you for your beliefs…within reason. Jihad will not be tolerated in America.

  • killtacular

     No one of non-islamic faith is allowed into a Mosque without permission. It says so in Sharia Law.  There are plenty of churches that allow casual clothing.  Kids wear tanktops and shorts to Youth groups within churches here in the US. Sharia law also states that the Dowry will be given in exchange for a woman’s sexual organs (IE: Removal of the clitoris), it also states that a Woman’s word is worth half of a man’s, and that a woman will not inherit her husband’s belongings in the event of his death, and that a woman cannot divorce her husband, but her husband can divorce her just by saying “I divorce you”.  Should I go on? I think I shall.

    1-
    Jihad defined as “to war against non-Muslims to establish the
    religion” is the duty of every Muslim and Muslim head of state (Caliph).
    Muslim Caliphs who refuse jihad are in violation of Sharia and unfit to
    rule. 2- A Caliph can hold office through seizure of power meaning through force.
    3- A Caliph is exempt from being charged with serious crimes such as
    murder, adultery, robbery, theft, drinking and in some cases of rape. 4- A percentage of Zakat (alms) must go towards jihad. 5- It is obligatory to obey the commands of the Caliph, even if he is unjust. 6- A caliph must be a Muslim, a non-slave and a male. 7- The Muslim public must remove the Caliph in one case, if he rejects Islam. 8- A Muslim who leaves Islam must be killed immediately.
    9- A Muslim will be forgiven for murder of : 1) an apostasy 2) an
    adulterer 3) a highway robber. Making vigilante street justice and honor
    killing acceptable. 10- A Muslim will not get the death penalty if he kills a non-Muslim.
    11- Sharia never abolished slavery and sexual slavery and highly
    regulates it. A master will not be punished for killing his slave.
    12- Sharia dictates death by stoning, beheading, amputation of limbs,
    flogging and other forms of cruel and unusual punishments even for
    crimes of sin such as adultery. 13- Non-Muslims are not equal to
    Muslims and must comply to Sharia if they are to remain safe. They are
    forbidden to marry Muslim women, publicly display wine or pork, recite
    their scriptures or openly celebrate their religious holidays or
    funerals. They are forbidden from building new churches or building them
    higher than mosques. They may not enter a mosque without permission. A
    non-Muslim is no longer protected if he commits adultery with a Muslim
    woman or if he leads a Muslim away from Islam. 14- It is a crime
    for a non-Muslim to sell weapons to someone who will use them against
    Muslims. Non-Muslims cannot curse a Muslim, say anything derogatory
    about Allah, the Prophet, or Islam, or expose the weak points of
    Muslims. However, the opposite is not true for Muslims. 15- A non-Muslim cannot inherit from a Muslim. 16- Banks must be Sharia compliant and interest is not allowed.
    17- No testimony in court is acceptable from people of low-level jobs,
    such as street sweepers or a bathhouse attendant. Women in such low
    level jobs such as professional funeral mourners cannot keep custody of
    their children in case of divorce. 18- A non-Muslim cannot rule even over a non-Muslims minority. 19- Homosexuality is punishable by death.
    20- There is no age limit for marriage of girls under Sharia. The
    marriage contract can take place anytime after birth and consummated at
    age 8 or 9. 21- Rebelliousness on the part of the wife nullifies
    the husband’s obligation to support her, gives him permission to beat
    her and keep her from leaving the home. 22- Divorce is only in the
    hands of the husband and is as easy as saying: “I divorce you” and
    becomes effective even if the husband did not intend it. 23- There
    is no common property between husband and wife and the husband’s
    property does not automatically go to the wife after his death. 24- A woman inherits half what a man inherits. 25- A man has the right to have up to 4 wives and she has no right to divorce him even if he is polygamous. 26- The dowry is given in exchange for the woman’s sexual organs.
    27- A man is allowed to have sex with slave women and women captured
    in battle, and if the enslaved woman is married her marriage is
    annulled. 28- The testimony of a woman in court is half the value of a man. 29- A woman looses custody if she remarries. 30- To prove rape, a woman must have 4 male witnesses. 31- A rapist may only be required to pay the bride-money (dowry) without marrying the rape victim.
    32- A Muslim woman must cover every inch of her body which is
    considered “Awrah,” a sexual organ. Some schools of Sharia allow the
    face and some don’t. 33- A Muslim man is forgiven if he kills his
    wife caught in the act of adultery. However, the opposite is not true
    for women since he “could be married to the woman he was caught with.”.
    —Yeah, some real peaceful equality there, huh?

  • Anonymous

    Personally, I would like to know that if the men are so modest, why don’t they wear the hot, big black tent that makes it so hard to interact with other people, makes it very dangerous to walk, drive a car, motorcycle, ride a bike or anything else? Burqas can hide bombs strapped around the waiste and other weapons and people on criminal wanted posters and even men. They are dangerous. I want them banned in the U.S. for safety reasons. I don’t mind ethnic dress, in fact I like it. The U.S. is a nation of immigrants. If a woman is raped here it is not considered her fault. The man is prosecuted. Rape is not about sexual attraction, it is about dominance and control, thats why a rapist will break into a home of an old woman. In Muslim countries, they also blame it on the woman and prosecute her which is outrageous.

  • Anonymous

    I read the Haddith (sp?) and I found it disgusting and perplexing as to why Muhammed spent so much time having his scribe detail his obcession in supposedly a book for his followers to read with playing with his 9 wive’s private parts while they were menstruating? What kind of lunatic do you people follow? It was just so gross it made my stomach crawl.

  • Anonymous

    Notice the Romans were trying to take back Malatya after the Muslim did their usual convert or die routine to that area.

  • Anonymous

    So where does the big black tent thing come in? And it doesn’t say they have to cover their whole arms and legs. Why don’t the men where the big black dangerous tents?

  • Anonymous

    They don’t wear that stuff anymore. Come out of the dark ages and ask yourself why the men don’t wear the big black tent thing. Why it takes 2 women to equal one man. Why Christians are still executed  or at least persecuted in Muslim countries today.